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Predicted NO₂ (µg/m³)4 → 18
481218
Cyan = lower concentration · red = higher concentration
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Cyan = lower concentration · red = higher concentration
Model Architecture
24-hour sequence input with masking, shared recurrent trunk, and separate output heads for NO₂ and O₃ scaled with RobustScaler.
Data Sources
Ground-level Pandora spectrometers, AERONET sun-photometers, and VIIRS AOD satellite layer, fused into an hourly 0.1° grid — plus ERA5 boundary layer height and static land-use context (elevation, roads, land cover, population) per cell.
Validation
Strict chronological split: training 2018–2024, validation 2025, test Jan–Mar 2026. No future data ever seen during training.
Model Diagnostics
Taylor diagrams, actual-vs-predicted heatmaps, time-series analysis, and cross-model R² comparisons across NO₂ and O₃.